为什么要厌氧
常见厌氧微生物培养条件
发布时间：2026-02-27
| 编号 | 厌氧菌名称 | 厌氧气体组成（体积比） | 培养基 | 培养条件 | 参考文献 |
| 1 | 普拉梭菌 | 10% H₂、10% CO₂、 80% N₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | 1. YCFA 培养基 (Yeast Casitone Fatty Acid Medium) 2. BHIS 培养基 (Brain Heart Infusion with Hemin and Vitamin K₁) 3. RCM 培养基 (Reinforced Clostridial Medium) | 1. Sokol H, Pigneur B, Watterlot L, et al. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(43):16731-16736. doi:10.1073/pnas.0804812105 2. Hu W, Gao W, Liu Z, et al. Biodiversity and Physiological Characteristics of Novel Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Strains Isolated from Human Feces. Microorganisms. 2022;10(2):297. Published 2022 Jan 26. doi:10.3390/microorganisms10020297 3. Khan MT, Duncan SH, Stams AJ, van Dijl JM, Flint HJ, Harmsen HJ. The gut anaerobe Faecalibacterium prausnitzii uses an extracellular electron shuttle to grow at oxic-anoxic interphases. ISME J. 2012;6(8):1578-1585. doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.5 |
| 2 | 艰难梭菌 | 80% N₂、10% CO₂、 10% H₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | 1. BHIS 培养基 (Brain Heart Infusion Supplemented Medium) 2. CCFA 培养基 (Cycloserine - Cefoxitin - Fructose Agar) | 1. Connor MC, McGrath JW, McMullan G, Marks N, Fairley DJ. Development of an optimized broth enrichment culture medium for the isolation of Clostridium difficile. Anaerobe. 2018;54:92-99. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.08.006 2. Bhattacharjee D, Sorg JA. Factors and Conditions That Impact Electroporation of Clostridioides difficile Strains. mSphere. 2020;5(2):e00941-19. Published 2020 Mar 4. doi:10.1128/mSphere.00941-19 3. Marlow C, Clayton JA, Minich N, et al. Molecular Epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile Colonization in Families With Infants. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2024;11(6):ofae299. Published 2024 Jun 10. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofae299 |
| 3 | 阿克曼菌 （AKK菌） | 85% N₂、10% H₂、 5% CO₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | Mucin-Based Medium (黏蛋白基础培养基) | 1. Bakshani CR, Ojuri TO, Pilgaard B, et al. Carbohydrate-active enzymes from Akkermansia muciniphila break down mucin O-glycans to completion. Nat Microbiol. 2025;10(2):585-598. doi:10.1038/s41564-024-01911-7 2. Cani PD, Depommier C, Derrien M, Everard A, de Vos WM. Akkermansia muciniphila: paradigm for next-generation beneficial microorganisms [published correction appears in Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Oct;19(10):682. doi: 10.1038/s41575-022-00650-6.]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;19(10):625-637. doi:10.1038/s41575-022-00631-9 3. Derrien M, Vaughan EE, Plugge CM, de Vos WM. Akkermansia muciniphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a human intestinal mucin-degrading bacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2004;54(Pt 5):1469-1476. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02873-0 |
| 4 | 脆弱拟杆菌 | 85% N₂ + 10% H₂ + 5% CO₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | BHI 补充培养基 (Brain Heart Infusion Supplemented Medium) | 1. Zhao S, Lieberman TD, Poyet M, et al. Adaptive Evolution within Gut Microbiomes of Healthy People. Cell Host Microbe. 2019;25(5):656-667.e8. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2019.03.007 2. Gopalakrishnan V, Spencer CN, Nezi L, et al. Gut microbiome modulates response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma patients. Science. 2018;359(6371):97-103. doi:10.1126/science.aan4236 3. Little AS, Younker IT, Schechter MS, et al. Dietary- and host-derived metabolites are used by diverse gut bacteria for anaerobic respiration [published correction appears in Nat Microbiol. 2025 Jun;10(6):1550. doi: 10.1038/s41564-025-02031-6.]. Nat Microbiol. 2024;9(1):55-69. doi:10.1038/s41564-023-01560-2 |
| 5 | 产气荚膜梭菌 | 80% N₂、10% CO₂、 10% H₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | 1. 强化梭菌培养基 (RCM, Reinforced Clostridial Medium) 2. TSC 琼脂 (Tryptose Sulfite Cycloserine Agar) 3. SFP 琼脂 (Shahidi-Ferguson Perfringens Agar) | 1. Bruggisser J, Tarek B, Wyder M, et al. CD31 (PECAM-1) Serves as the Endothelial Cell-Specific Receptor of Clostridium perfringens β-Toxin. Cell Host Microbe. 2020;28(1):69-78.e6. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2020.05.003 2. Hustá M, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F, Van Immerseel F, Goossens E. A comparative study on the use of selective media for the enumeration of Clostridium perfringens in poultry faeces. Anaerobe. 2020;63:102205. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102205 3. Couto MR, Gonçalves P, Magro F, Martel F. Microbiota-derived butyrate regulates intestinal inflammation: Focus on inflammatory bowel disease. Pharmacol Res. 2020;159:104947. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104947 |
| 6 | 多形拟杆菌 | 80% N₂ + 10% H₂ + 10% CO₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | 1. GAM 培养基(Gifu Anaerobic Medium) 2. 改良脑心浸液(BHI)琼脂 3. BBL™ Bacteroides Bile Esculin Agar (BBE 琼脂) | 1. Juodeikis R, Martins C, Saalbach G, et al. Differential temporal release and lipoprotein loading in B. thetaiotaomicron bacterial extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles. 2024;13(1):e12406. doi:10.1002/jev2.12406 2. Kim Y, Kim G, Kim S, et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation improves anti-PD-1 inhibitor efficacy in unresectable or metastatic solid cancers refractory to anti-PD-1 inhibitor. Cell Host Microbe. 2024;32(8):1380-1393.e9. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2024.06.010 3. Zünd JN, Plüss S, Mujezinovic D, et al. A flexible high-throughput cultivation protocol to assess the response of individuals' gut microbiota to diet-, drug-, and host-related factors. ISME Commun. 2024;4(1):ycae035. Published 2024 Mar 12. doi:10.1093/ismeco/ycae035 |
| 7 | 青春双歧杆菌 | 80% N₂、10% CO₂、 10% H₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | 1. MRS 培养基(改良) 2. GAM 培养基 | 1. Derrien M, Turroni F, Ventura M, van Sinderen D. Insights into endogenous Bifidobacterium species in the human gut microbiota during adulthood. Trends Microbiol. 2022;30(10):940-947. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2022.04.004 2. Altaib H, Niwa R, Abe M, Suzuki T. Draft Genome Sequence of Bifidobacterium adolescentis 4-2, Isolated from Healthy Human Feces. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2022;11(1):e0084621. doi:10.1128/mra.00846-21 3. Li Y, Rui W, Sheng X, et al. Bifidobacterium breve synergizes with Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacteroides ovatus to antagonize Clostridioides difficile. ISME J. 2025;19(1):wraf086. doi:10.1093/ismejo/wraf086 MLA Copy |
| 8 | 瘤胃球菌 | 80% N₂、10% CO₂、 10% H₂ | 37-39℃，严格厌氧 | 常用强化梭菌培养基(RCM) 或改良的瘤胃液培养基 | 1. Zhao L, Zhang F, Ding X, et al. Gut bacteria selectively promoted by dietary fibers alleviate type 2 diabetes. Science. 2018;359(6380):1151-1156. doi:10.1126/science.aao5774 2. Belkaid Y, Hand TW. Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation. Cell. 2014;157(1):121-141. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011 3. Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R. Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body. PLoS Biol. 2016;14(8):e1002533. Published 2016 Aug 19. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533 |
| 9 | 消化链球菌 | 80% N₂、10% CO₂、 10% H₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | 1. 临床分离：哥伦比亚 CNA + 谷胱甘肽 + 醋酸铅 2. 环境样本：改良 RCM + 维生素 B₁₂ 3. 共培养体系：含胎牛血清的 RCM | 1. Long X, Wong CC, Tong L, et al. Peptostreptococcus anaerobius promotes colorectal carcinogenesis and modulates tumour immunity. Nat Microbiol. 2019;4(12):2319-2330. doi:10.1038/s41564-019-0541-3 2. Chen J, Wade MJ, Dolfing J, Soyer OS. Increasing sulfate levels show a differential impact on synthetic communities comprising different methanogens and a sulfate reducer. J R Soc Interface. 2019;16(154):20190129. doi:10.1098/rsif.2019.0129 3. Legaria MC, Nastro M, Camporro J, et al. Peptostreptococcus anaerobius: Pathogenicity, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility. Review of monobacterial infections and addition of a case of urinary tract infection directly identified from a urine sample by MALDI-TOF MS. Anaerobe. 2021;72:102461. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2021.102461 |
| 10 | 粪肠球菌 （Enterococcus faecalis ） | 80% N₂ + 10% CO₂ + 10% H₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | 1. MRS 培养基 2. 脑心浸液(BHI)肉汤 / 琼脂 | 1. Xu L, Wu Y, Yang X, et al. The Fe-S cluster biosynthesis in Enterococcus faecium is essential for anaerobic growth and gastrointestinal colonization. Gut Microbes. 2024;16(1):2359665. doi:10.1080/19490976.2024.2359665 2. Durga Bhavani G, Rathod T, Parveen N, et al. Assessment of the Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Herbal Root Canal Irrigants (Propolis, Triphala, and Aloe Vera) and Chlorhexidine Against Enterococcus Faecalis. Cureus. 2023;15(7):e41628. Published 2023 Jul 10. doi:10.7759/cureus.41628 |
| 11 | 丁酸弧菌 | 85% N₂、10% CO₂ 和 5% H₂ 或者 95% N₂和 5% CO₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | 1. DSMZ 704 培养基 2. ATCC 602 培养基(E 培养基) | 1. Palevich N, Kelly WJ, Leahy SC, et al. Comparative Genomics of Rumen Butyrivibrio spp. Uncovers a Continuum of Polysaccharide-Degrading Capabilities. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2019;86(1):e01993-19. Published 2019 Dec 13. doi:10.1128/AEM.01993-19 2. Pidcock SE, Skvortsov T, Santos FG, et al. Phylogenetic systematics of Butyrivibrio and Pseudobutyrivibrio genomes illustrate vast taxonomic diversity, open genomes and an abundance of carbohydrate-active enzyme family isoforms. Microb Genom. 2021;7(10):000638. doi:10.1099/mgen.0.000638 3. Sechovcová H, Kulhavá L, Fliegerová K, et al. Comparison of enzymatic activities and proteomic profiles of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens grown on different carbon sources. Proteome Sci. 2019;17:2. Published 2019 Jun 1. doi:10.1186/s12953-019-0150-3 |
| 12 | 真杆菌 | 85% N₂ + 10% CO₂ + 5% H₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | DSMZ 1754 培养基 | 1. Kang S, Song Y, Jin S, et al. Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of Eubacterium limosum ATCC 8486 on Carbon Monoxide. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:402. Published 2020 Mar 11. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00402 2. Park S, Yasin M, Jeong J, et al. Acetate-assisted increase of butyrate production by Eubacterium limosum KIST612 during carbon monoxide fermentation. Bioresour Technol. 2017;245(Pt A):560-566. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.132 |
| 13 | 具核梭菌 （Fusobacterium nucleatum） | 80% N₂、10% CO₂、 10% H₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | 1. 脑心浸液肉汤(BHI)培养基 2. 胰酶大豆肉汤(TSB)培养基 3. 使用CVE 琼脂选择性培养基 | 1. Engevik MA, Danhof HA, Ruan W, et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum Secretes Outer Membrane Vesicles and Promotes Intestinal Inflammation. mBio. 2021;12(2):e02706-20. Published 2021 Mar 2. doi:10.1128/mBio.02706-20 2. Liu L, Liang L, Yang C, Zhou Y, Chen Y. Extracellular vesicles of Fusobacterium nucleatum compromise intestinal barrier through targeting RIPK1-mediated cell death pathway. Gut Microbes. 2021;13(1):1-20. doi:10.1080/19490976.2021.1902718 3. Selvaraj A, McManus G, Healy CM, Moran GP. Fusobacterium nucleatum induces invasive growth and angiogenic responses in malignant oral keratinocytes that are cell line- and bacterial strain-specific. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024;14:1417946. Published 2024 Sep 2. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1417946 |
| 14 | 溶组织梭菌 | 85% N₂、10% CO₂、 5% H₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | 改良碎肉培养基(ATCC 1490) | Farshim P, Walton G, Chakrabarti B, et al. Maternal Weaning Modulates Emotional Behavior and Regulates the Gut-Brain Axis. Sci Rep. 2016;6:21958. Published 2016 Feb 23. doi:10.1038/srep21958 |
| 15 | 衣氏放线菌 （Actinomyces sraelii） | 80% N₂、10% H₂、 10% CO₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | 1. 脑心浸液(BHI)培养基 2. 含马血的苛养厌氧菌琼脂(FAA)、 BHI 血琼脂 | 1. Figdor D, Davies J. Cell surface structures of Actinomyces israelii. Aust Dent J. 1997;42(2):125-128. doi:10.1111/j.1834-7819.1997.tb00109.x 2. Behbehani MJ, Jordan HV, Santoro DL. Simple and convenient method for culturing anaerobic bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1982;43(1):255-256. doi:10.1128/aem.43.1.255-256.1982 3. Bing AU, Loh SF, Morris T, Hughes H, Dixon JM, Helgason KO. Actinomyces Species Isolated from Breast Infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53(10):3247-3255. doi:10.1128/JCM.01030-15 |
| 16 | 牙龈卟啉单胞菌 | 80% N₂、10% CO₂、 10% H₂ 或 85% N₂、 10% H₂、5% CO₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | 1. TSB补充培养基 2. 脑心浸液(BHI)培养基 | 1. Zenobia C, Hajishengallis G. Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence factors involved in subversion of leukocytes and microbial dysbiosis. Virulence. 2015;6(3):236-243. doi:10.1080/21505594.2014.999567 2. Maekawa T, Krauss JL, Abe T, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis manipulates complement and TLR signaling to uncouple bacterial clearance from inflammation and promote dysbiosis. Cell Host Microbe. 2014;15(6):768-778. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2014.05.012 3. Chowdhury N, Wellslager B, Lee H, Gilbert JL, Yilmaz Ö. Glutamate is a key nutrient for Porphyromonas gingivalis growth and survival during intracellular autophagic life under nutritionally limited conditions. Preprint. bioRxiv. 2024;2024.07.08.602514. Published 2024 Jul 9. doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.602514 |
| 17 | 猪痢疾密螺旋体 | 80% N₂、10% H₂、 10% CO₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | Brain Heart Infusion(BHI)培养基 | 1. Calderaro A, Bommezzadri S, Piccolo G, Zuelli C, Dettori G, Chezzi C. Rapid isolation of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli from pigs. Vet Microbiol. 2005;105(3-4):229-234. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.10.021 2. Lugsomya K, Tummaruk P, Hampson DJ, Prapasarakul N. Development of a modified selective medium to enhance the recovery rate of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and other porcine intestinal spirochaetes from faeces. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2012;54(4):330-335. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.2012.03213.x |
| 18 | 肉毒梭状芽胞杆菌 | 80% N₂、10% H₂、 10% CO₂ 或 90% N₂ + 10% CO₂ | 30–37°C，严格厌氧 | 1. TPGY培养基 (Tryptone-Peptone-Glucose- Yeast Extract) 2. Cooked Meat Medium(熟肉培养基) 3. Reinforced Clostridial Medium (RCM) | 1. Sharma A, Ponmariappan S, Rani S, Alam SI, Shukla S. Immunoproteomic analysis of Clostridium botulinum type B secretome for identification of immunogenic proteins against botulism. Biotechnol Lett. 2021;43(5):1019-1036. doi:10.1007/s10529-021-03091-4 2. Ahmad NH, Huang L, Hwang CA. Effect of sodium nitrite, sodium chloride, sodium erythorbate, and sodium tripolyphosphate on nontoxigenic Clostridium botulinum LNT01 and C. sporogenes in growth medium and cooked cured beef - Development and validation of critical control surface. Food Res Int. 2025;214:116624. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2025.116624 3. Glass KA, Johnson EA. Antibotulinal activity of process cheese ingredients. J Food Prot. 2004;67(8):1765-1769. doi:10.4315/0362-028x-67.8.1765 |
| 19 | 志贺氏菌 | 85% N₂、10% H₂、 5% CO₂ | 37℃，兼性厌氧 | 1. GN肉汤(Gram-Negative Broth) 2. 营养琼脂 | 1. Kotloff KL, Winickoff JP, Ivanoff B, et al. Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. Bull World Health Organ. 1999;77(8):651-666. 2. Schnupf P, Sansonetti PJ. Shigella Pathogenesis: New Insights through Advanced Methodologies. Microbiol Spectr. 2019;7(2):10.1128/microbiolspec.bai-0023-2019. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.BAI-0023-2019 3. Ni Z, Jiang L, Feng L, Wang L, Liu B. Transcriptional adaptation of Shigella flexneri during adherence to epithelial cells. J Basic Microbiol. 2015;55(2):186-194. doi:10.1002/jobm.201400414 |
| 20 | 乳酸菌 | 85% N₂、10% H₂、 5% CO₂ | 30–37°C，严格厌氧 | 1. MRS培养基 (de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe Agar/Broth) 2. APT培养基 (All-Purpose Tween Broth) 3. M17培养基 | 1. Yang Y, Yu P, Huang Y, Zhang W, Nie Y, Gao C. Metabolic engineering of Lactobacilli spp. for disease treatment. Microb Cell Fact. 2025;24(1):53. Published 2025 Mar 6. doi:10.1186/s12934-025-02682-4 2. Renschler MA, Wyatt A, Anene N, et al. Using nitrous acid-modified de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe medium to selectively isolate and culture lactic acid bacteria from dairy foods. J Dairy Sci. 2020;103(2):1215-1222. doi:10.3168/jds.2019-17041 3. Reddy KA, Marth EH. Lactic Acid Bacteria in Cheddar Cheese Made with Sodium Chloride, Potassium Chloride or Mixtures of the Two Salts. J Food Prot. 1995;58(1):62-69. doi:10.4315/0362-028X-58.1.62 4. Tanaka Y, Aryantini NPD, Yamasaki E, et al. In Vitro Probiotic Characterization and Safety Assessment of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Raw Milk of Japanese-Saanen Goat (Capra hircus). Animals (Basel). 2022;13(1):7. Published 2022 Dec 20. doi:10.3390/ani13010007 |
| 罗伊氏乳杆菌 （Limosilactobacillus reuteri） | 80% N₂ + 10% CO₂ + 10% H₂ | 37°C，严格厌氧 | MRS(Man, Rogosa and Sharpe) 肉汤 / 琼脂 | 1. Santos-Rocha SJ, Mendoza-Ortiz C, Tobon-Gonzalez J, Ríos-Estepa R, Orozco-Sánchez F. Oxygen Transfer Effect on the Growth of Limosilactobacillus reuteri ATCC 53608 and on Its Metabolic Capacity. Curr Microbiol. 2024;81(11):362. Published 2024 Sep 17. doi:10.1007/s00284-024-03822-6 2. Klopper KB, Deane SM, Dicks LMT. Aciduric Strains of Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Isolated from Human Feces, Have Strong Adhesion and Aggregation Properties. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2018;10(1):89-97. doi:10.1007/s12602-017-9307-5 | |
| 21 | 胞内劳森菌 （严格胞内寄生菌） | 微需氧环境, 通常2-5% O₂,85% N₂、 10% CO₂、5% O₂ | 37℃，微需氧 | 1. 大鼠肠上皮细胞系(IEC-18), DMEM培养基 2. 猪肠上皮细胞(IPEC-J2)， DMEM培养基 | 1. Huan YW, Bengtsson RJ, MacIntyre N, et al. Lawsonia intracellularis exploits β-catenin/Wnt and Notch signalling pathways during infection of intestinal crypt to alter cell homeostasis and promote cell proliferation. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0173782. Published 2017 Mar 21. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173782 2. McOrist S, Mackie RA, Lawson GH, Smith DG. In-vitro interactions of Lawsonia intracellularis with cultured enterocytes. Vet Microbiol. 1997;54(3-4):385-392. doi:10.1016/s0378-1135(96)01283-7 3. Leite FL, Vasquez E, Gebhart CJ, Isaacson RE. The effects of Lawsonia intracellularis, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and co-infection on IL-8 and TNFα expression in IPEC-J2 cells. Vet Microbiol. 2019;231:76-79. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.02.036 |
| 22 | 布拉氏菌 （Blautia spp.） | 80% N₂、10% H₂、 10% CO₂ 或者85% N₂、 10% H₂、5% CO₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | 1. ATCC 2722 medium 2. BHI培养基 | 1. Niu Y, Hu X, Song Y, et al. Blautia Coccoides is a Newly Identified Bacterium Increased by Leucine Deprivation and has a Novel Function in Improving Metabolic Disorders. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024;11(18):e2309255. doi:10.1002/advs.202309255 2. Liu MY, Li M, Wang XL, Liu P, Hao QH, Yu XM. Study on human intestinal bacterium Blautia sp. AUH-JLD56 for the conversion of arctigenin to (-)-3'-desmethylarctigenin. J Agric Food Chem. 2013;61(49):12060-12065. doi:10.1021/jf403924c 3. Miura T, Shimamura M, Yamazoe A, Kawasaki H. Blautia parvula sp. nov., isolated from Japanese faecal samples. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2023;73(11):10.1099/ijsem.0.005871. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005871 |
| 23 | 普雷沃氏菌 （Prevotella spp.） | 85% N₂、10% H₂、 5% CO₂ 或者 80% N₂、15% CO₂、 5% H₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | 1. 预还原BHI培养基 2. PYG培养基 3. GAM培养基 | 1. Huang F, Sardari RRR, Jasilionis A, et al. Cultivation of the gut bacterium Prevotella copri DSM 18205T using glucose and xylose as carbon sources. Microbiologyopen. 2021;10(3):e1213. doi:10.1002/mbo3.1213 2. Deveaux E, Delplanque P, Neut C, Romond C. Survival of Prevotella intermedia (Bacteroides intermedius) in transport media. J Biol Buccale. 1991;19(3):241-246. 3. Zhu H, Lao W, Chen Q, Zhang Q, Chen H. A study of the fluorescence characteristics of common cariogenic microorganisms. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(3):3651-3661. Published 2015 Mar 15. |
| 24 | 破伤风梭状芽胞杆菌 | 80% N₂、10% H₂、 10% CO₂ 或者 90% N₂、10% CO₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | 1. FTG培养基(Fluid Thioglycollate Medium) 2. 血琼脂(Sheep Blood Agar) 3. TSC培养基(Tryptose Sulfite Cycloserine Agar) | 1. Farber JF, Seligmann EB Jr. Bacteroides vulgatus, a nonsporeforming anaerobe for testing fluid thioglycollate medium. Appl Microbiol. 1968;16(7):1102-1103. doi:10.1128/am.16.7.1102-1103.1968 2. Predrag S, Branislava K, Miodrag S, et al. Clinical importance and representation of toxigenic and non-toxigenic Clostridium difficile cultivated from stool samples of hospitalized patients. Braz J Microbiol. 2012;43(1):215-223. doi:10.1590/S1517-838220120001000023 3. Anwar Z, Regan SB, Linden J. Enrichment and Detection of Clostridium perfringens Toxinotypes in Retail Food Samples. J Vis Exp. 2019;(152):10.3791/59931. Published 2019 Oct 18. doi:10.3791/59931 |
| 25 | 罗斯氏菌 | 80% N₂、10% H₂、 10% CO₂或者85% N₂、 10% CO₂、5% H₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | 1. Reinforced clostridial broth (强化梭菌肉汤)培养基 2. lytic anaerobic medium (BD Diagnostics, 510794) 3. YCFA medium | 1. Han HS, Hwang S, Choi SY, et al. Roseburia intestinalis-derived extracellular vesicles ameliorate colitis by modulating intestinal barrier, microbiome, and inflammatory responses. J Extracell Vesicles. 2024;13(8):e12487. doi:10.1002/jev2.12487 2. Shen Z, Luo W, Tan B, et al. Roseburia intestinalis stimulates TLR5-dependent intestinal immunity against Crohn's disease. EBioMedicine. 2022;85:104285. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104285 3. Zhao C, Bao L, Qiu M, et al. Commensal cow Roseburia reduces gut-dysbiosis-induced mastitis through inhibiting bacterial translocation by producing butyrate in mice. Cell Rep. 2022;41(8):111681. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111681 |
| 26 | 毛螺菌 （Lachnospiraceae） | 80% N₂、10% H₂、 10% CO₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | Lach-GAM 培养基 改良 PYG 培养基 | 1. Lau JT, Whelan FJ, Herath I, et al. Capturing the diversity of the human gut microbiota through culture-enriched molecular profiling. Genome Med. 2016;8(1):72. Published 2016 Jul 1. doi:10.1186/s13073-016-0327-7 2. Wu H, Li M, Shao X, et al. Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae excretory/secretory products trigger apoptosis and S-phase arrest of the non-small-cell lung cancer line A549. Exp Parasitol. 2020;218:107983. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107983 3. Rosero JA, Killer J, Sechovcová H, et al. Reclassification of Eubacterium rectale (Hauduroy et al. 1937) Prévot 1938 in a new genus Agathobacter gen. nov. as Agathobacter rectalis comb. nov., and description of Agathobacter ruminis sp. nov., isolated from the rumen contents of sheep and cows. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2016;66(2):768-773. |
| 27 | 口腔甲烷短杆菌 （Methanobrevibacter oralis） | 80% N₂、10% H₂、 10% CO₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | SAB 培养基 | 1. Pilliol V, Mahmoud Abdelwadoud B, Aïcha H, et al. Methanobrevibacter oralis: a comprehensive review. J Oral Microbiol. 2024;16(1):2415734. Published 2024 Nov 1. doi:10.1080/20002297.2024.2415734 2. Khelaifia S, Raoult D, Drancourt M. A versatile medium for cultivating methanogenic archaea. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e61563. Published 2013 Apr 17. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061563 3. Pilliol V, Beye M, Terlier L, et al. Methanobrevibacter massiliense and Pyramidobacter piscolens Co-Culture Illustrates Transkingdom Symbiosis. Microorganisms. 2024;12(1):215. Published 2024 Jan 20. doi:10.3390/microorganisms12010215 |
| 28 | 另枝菌（Alistipes） | 5% CO₂、5% H₂、 90% N₂， | 37℃，严格厌氧 | 改良脑心浸液(BHI)培养基 | 1. Afrizal A, Jennings SAV, Hitch TCA, et al. Enhanced cultured diversity of the mouse gut microbiota enables custom-made synthetic communities. Cell Host Microbe. 2022;30(11):1630-1645.e25. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2022.09.011 2. Zhao Y, Pang J, Fang X, et al. Causal relationships between modifiable risk factors and polycystic ovary syndrome: a comprehensive Mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024;15:1348368. Published 2024 May 8. doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1348368 |
| 29 | 植物乳杆菌 （Lactobacillus plantarum） | 80% N₂ + 10% CO₂ + 10% H₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | MRS(Man-Rogosa-Sharpe)培养基 | 1. Kim J, Yoon YW, Kim MS, et al. Gamma-aminobutyric acid fermentation in MRS-based medium by the fructophilic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Y7. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2022;31(3):333-341. Published 2022 Feb 8. doi:10.1007/s10068-022-01035-w 2. Zan L, Zhang W, Shang S, et al. Alleviating effect of selenium-enriched Lactobacillus plantarum 6076 on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis and liver inflammation in mice. Food Funct. 2023;14(22):10151-10162. Published 2023 Nov 13. doi:10.1039/d3fo03842d 3. Tsui CY, Yang CY. Evaluation of Semi-Solid-State Fermentation of Elaeocarpus serratus L. Leaves and Black Soymilk by Lactobacillus plantarum on Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity. Foods. 2021;10(4):704. Published 2021 Mar 26. doi:10.3390/foods10040704 |
| 30 | 咽峡炎链球菌 （Streptococcus anginosus） | 80% N₂ + 10% CO₂ + 10% H₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | 血琼脂平板(BAP) 脑心浸液(BHI)培养基 | 1. Lin YJ, Chen CH, Chang IY, et al. Genomic and transcriptomic insights into the virulence and adaptation of shock syndrome-causing Streptococcus anginosus. Microbiology (Reading). 2025;171(2):001535. doi:10.1099/mic.0.001535 2. Roberts JL, Maillard JY, Waddington RJ, Denyer SP, Lynch CD, Sloan AJ. Development of an ex vivo coculture system to model pulpal infection by Streptococcus anginosus group bacteria. J Endod. 2013;39(1):49-56. doi:10.1016/j.joen.2012.09.005 |
| 31 | 空肠弯曲杆菌 （Campylobacter jejuni） | 5% O₂ + 10% CO₂ + 85% N₂ | 42°C，微需氧 | Skirrow 琼脂； 改良 CCD 琼脂(mCCDA) Bolton 肉汤培养基 | 1. He Z, Yu J, Gong J, et al. Campylobacter jejuni-derived cytolethal distending toxin promotes colorectal cancer metastasis. Cell Host Microbe. 2024;32(12):2080-2091.e6. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2024.11.006 2. Ha J, Seo Y, Kim Y, et al. Synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots to destroy bacteria competing with Campylobacter jejuni in enrichment medium, and development of a monoclonal antibody to detect C. jejuni after enrichment. Int J Food Microbiol. 2021;339:109014. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.109014 3. Bolton FJ, Hutchinson DN, Coates D. Blood-free selective medium for isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from feces. J Clin Microbiol. 1984;19(2):169-171. doi:10.1128/jcm.19.2.169-171.1984 |
| 32 | 幽门螺杆菌 （Helicobacter pylori） | 5% O₂ + 10% CO₂ + 85% N₂ | 37°C，微需氧 | 哥伦比亚血琼脂 (Columbia Blood Agar) 脑心浸液(BHI)培养基 | 1. Huang TT, Yan PP, Liu YN, et al. The effects of sodium sulfite on Helicobacter pylori by establishing a hypoxic environment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2023;470:116549. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2023.116549 2. Le LHM, Steele JR, Ying L, Schittenhelm RB, Ferrero RL. A new isolation method for bacterial extracellular vesicles providing greater purity and improved proteomic detection of vesicle proteins. J Extracell Biol. 2023;2(5):e84. Published 2023 Apr 25. doi:10.1002/jex2.84 3. Hua JS, Zheng PY, Fong TK, Khin MM, Bow H. Helicobacter pylori acquistion of metronidazole resistance by natural transformation in vitro. World J Gastroenterol. 1998;4(5):385-387. doi:10.3748/wjg.v4.i5.385 |
| 33 | 丁酸梭菌 | 85% N₂ + 10% H₂ + 5% CO₂ | 37°C，严格厌氧 | 强化梭菌培养基(RCM) BIM 培养基 | 1. Shah TA, Zhihe L, Zhiyu L, et al. Whole cell of pure Clostridium butyricum CBT-1 from anaerobic bioreactor effectively hydrolyzes agro-food waste into biohydrogen. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023;30(2):4853-4865. doi:10.1007/s11356-022-22443-9 2. Popoff MR. Selective medium for isolation of Clostridium butyricum from human feces. J Clin Microbiol. 1984;20(3):417-420. doi:10.1128/jcm.20.3.417-420.1984 3. Li Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Li X, Feng L, Li K. Optimization of an economical medium composition for the coculture of Clostridium butyricum and Bacillus coagulans. AMB Express. 2022;12(1):19. Published 2022 Feb 15. doi:10.1186/s13568-022-01354-5 |
| 34 | 副拟杆菌 （Parabacteroides spp.） | 85% N₂ + 10% CO₂ + 5% H₂ | 37°C，严格厌氧 | YCFA 培养基 改良 GAM 培养基 BBEA 培养基 | 1. Li Z, Zhou X, Xu W, Chen R, Zhao B, Wu C. Parabacteroides pekinense sp. nov.: a new bacterium isolated from the stool of a healthy man living in China. New Microbes New Infect. 2022;46:100973. Published 2022 Mar 17. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2022.100973 2. un H, Guo Y, Wang H, et al. Gut commensal Parabacteroides distasonis alleviates inflammatory arthritis. Gut. 2023;72(9):1664-1677. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327756 3. Ezeji JC, Sarikonda DK, Hopperton A, et al. Parabacteroides distasonis: intriguing aerotolerant gut anaerobe with emerging antimicrobial resistance and pathogenic and probiotic roles in human health. Gut Microbes. 2021;13(1):1922241. doi:10.1080/19490976.2021.1922241 |
| 35 | 放线菌 | 85% N₂ + 10% CO₂ + 5% H₂ | 37°C，严格厌氧 | 1. BHI 培养基 2. CFAT选择性培养基 | 1. Aoki S, Yahara H, Nakao R, Tsuzukibashi O, Yahara K. Development of selective isolation media for detecting the genera Actinomyces and Schaalia from oral specimens containing indigenous bacteria. Access Microbiol. 2024;6(5):000768.v3. Published 2024 May 10. doi:10.1099/acmi.0.000768.v3 2. Tsuzukibashi O, Uchibori S, Kobayashi T, et al. Isolation and identification methods of Rothia species in oral cavities. J Microbiol Methods. 2017;134:21-26. doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2017.01.005 3. Zylber LJ, Jordan HV. Development of a selective medium for detection and enumeration of Actinomyces viscosus and Actinomyces naeslundii in dental plaque. J Clin Microbiol. 1982;15(2):253-259. doi:10.1128/jcm.15.2.253-259.1982 |
| 36 | 痤疮丙酸杆菌 （Cutibacterium acnes） | 85% N₂ + 10% CO₂ + 5% H₂ | 37°C，严格厌氧 | 改良 GAM 培养基 BHI 培养基 | 1. Rimon A, Rakov C, Lerer V, et al. Topical phage therapy in a mouse model of Cutibacterium acnes-induced acne-like lesions. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):1005. Published 2023 Feb 22. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-36694-8 2. Okamoto K, Ikeda F, Kanayama S, et al. In vitro antimicrobial activity of benzoyl peroxide against Propionibacterium acnes assessed by a novel susceptibility testing method. J Infect Chemother. 2016;22(6):426-429. doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2015.12.010 3. Borrel V, Gannesen AV, Barreau M, et al. Adaptation of acneic and non acneic strains of Cutibacterium acnes to sebum-like environment. Microbiologyopen. 2019;8(9):e00841. doi:10.1002/mbo3.841 |
| 37 | 脱氯杆菌 （Dechloromonas） | 80%N₂ +20%CO₂ 或者90%N₂ +10%CO₂ | 25-30℃，严格厌氧 | 还原的碳酸氢盐缓冲的 无机盐培养基 | Wang J, Li X, Jin H, et al. CO-driven electron and carbon flux fuels synergistic microbial reductive dechlorination. Microbiome. 2024;12(1):154. Published 2024 Aug 20. doi:10.1186/s40168-024-01869-y |
| 38 | 脱硫弧菌 | 80% N₂、20% CO₂ 或者80% N₂、10% CO₂、 10% H₂，或者 95% N₂、 5% CO₂ | 37℃，严格厌氧 | Postgate 培养基； 改良的 Desulfovibrio(Postgate)培养基 | 1. Zhou L, Ou P, Zhao B, et al. Assimilatory and dissimilatory sulfate reduction in the bacterial diversity of biofoulant from a full-scale biofilm-membrane bioreactor for textile wastewater treatment. Sci Total Environ. 2021;772:145464. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145464 2. Scarascia G, Lehmann R, Machuca LL, et al. Effect of Quorum Sensing on the Ability of Desulfovibrio vulgaris To Form Biofilms and To Biocorrode Carbon Steel in Saline Conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2019;86(1):e01664-19. Published 2019 Dec 13. doi:10.1128/AEM.01664-19 3. Chen J, Wade MJ, Dolfing J, Soyer OS. Increasing sulfate levels show a differential impact on synthetic communities comprising different methanogens and a sulfate reducer. J R Soc Interface. 2019;16(154):20190129. doi:10.1098/rsif.2019.0129 |
| 39 | 产甲烷菌 （Methanogens） | 80% N₂ + 10% CO₂ + 10% H₂ | 中温菌，最适37℃，严格厌氧； 高温菌50-60℃，严格厌氧 | 1. DSMZ 141 培养基 2. 优化电转化培养基 3. 改良 GAM 培养基 | 1. Zhang CJ, Pan J, Liu Y, Duan CH, Li M. Genomic and transcriptomic insights into methanogenesis potential of novel methanogens from mangrove sediments. Microbiome. 2020;8(1):94. Published 2020 Jun 17. doi:10.1186/s40168-020-00876-z 2. Zhao Y, Tan J, Fang L, Jiang L. Leveraging gene editing to combat methane emissions in ruminant agriculture. Trends Biotechnol. Published online June 14, 2025. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2025.05.020 3. Hoegenauer C, Hammer HF, Mahnert A, Moissl-Eichinger C. Methanogenic archaea in the human gastrointestinal tract. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;19(12):805-813. doi:10.1038/s41575-022-00673-z |
| 40 | 沙门菌 （Salmonella） | 80% N₂ + 10% CO₂ + 10% H₂ | 最适37℃，兼性厌氧菌 | 1. TSB(胰酪大豆胨肉汤) 2. BHI(脑心浸液培养基) 3. 改良 GAM 培养基 | 1. Kim U, Moon YJ, Kim JH, Lee SY, Oh SW. Development of modified enrichment broth for short enrichment and recovery of filter-injured Salmonella Typhimurium. Int J Food Microbiol. 2022;362:109497. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109497 2. Bernbom N, Ng YY, Paludan-Müller C, Gram L. Survival and growth of Salmonella and Vibrio in som-fak, a Thai low-salt garlic containing fermented fish product. Int J Food Microbiol. 2009;134(3):223-229. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.06.012 3. Paganini CC, Longhi DA, de Aragão GMF, Carciofi BAM. Modelling the inactivation, survival and growth of Salmonella enterica under osmotic stress considering inoculum phase and serotype. J Appl Microbiol. 2022;132(5):3973-3986. doi:10.1111/jam.15515 |
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